Technologies for laying paving may differ depending on whether it is done on a smaller or larger scale with special equipment. However, the principles of laying paving are the same.

Paving stone surface and curb assembly technology

Foundations

This is the section of ground which bears the load of the paving stones laid on the surface, therefore its density, material, packing and channelling of surface waters are the key elements in ensuring that the surface retains its high quality throughout its lifetime of service.

Formation of the paving bed

Determination of the depth of the paving bed depends on the density of the foundations which in turn depend on the surface load and soil characteristics. The pavement bed must be removed at that depth where the earth freezes and the layer of earth is unable to withstand the freeze (top soil, clay).
The density of the foundation is formed of chips, which are coarse on the bottom layer (fr.Ø20 ÷ 70), and fine on the surface (fr.Ø0 ÷ 40). Compaction rollers and compaction slab presses are used for packing.
Minimum layer density (compacted):

• pedestrian paths, pavements – 10 cm;
• areas with light transport loads, episodically heavy transport – 15 cm;
• heavy transport – 30 cm.

The simplest method for determining proper compression is to drive along at walking pace along the compressed area in a vehicle whose axle load is ~2.5 t leaving no residual or clearly visible impressions.

Levelling layer

The layer on which the paving stones are laid is formed with a density of 3– 5 cm in the profile specified in the design from Ø 0/2 mm or Ø 0/4 mm of sand, Ø 2/8 or Ø 2/5 mm of chips. The size of individual chips must not exceed 8 mm.
1:8 dry cement-sand mixture is only used in places where the paving descends by more than 2.5 %. Dry cement-sand mortar with a density of 10 cm can be used in places subject to heavy loads.

Paving stone laying specifications

1. Gaps between stones: 3÷5 mm;
2. Deviations from design height marks: +/-2 cm;
3. Undulations with 4 m long tape measure: 10 mm;
4. Surface cross descents within the range of 2.0 ÷ 2.9 %;
5. Paving stones are laid onto the compressed levelling layer in the required pattern and colour, using cords and protractor gauges, with the calculation that, after it has been subjected to compaction pressing, the surface of the paving stone will be 0.8–1 cm above the curb;
6. Ø 0 ÷ 2 mm of dry sand should be swept into the gaps between the paving stones or washed into them in wet weather;
7. Paving stone surfaces from which chips and construction debris have been cleaned should be subjected to vibration from compaction slab presses first crosswise and then lengthways. Compaction rollers must not be used on coloured paving stone surfaces; compaction should only be carried out on dry surfaces with Vulcollan surface compaction plates. Do not use compaction rollers!
8. After compaction of the paving stones, Ø 0÷2, Ø 0÷4 of sand should once again be swept into the gaps between the stones.

Curb assembly

1. Curbs are assembled on the B-15 concrete foundation.
2. Assembling road curbs, a 5 mm gap should be observed between the curb ends.

A curb bend with R÷15 m is assembled with specially curved curbs or straight curbs with a length of 0.25 m, where R=3÷10m; L=0.5, where R=10÷15 m; where R=15 m, the curve is formed with curbs: L=1.0 m.